Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian - a collection of texts. Original text. (1) during a business trip, I slipped on an icy staircase and seriously injured my hand G. Smirnov. For more than a century and a half, Great Russians have lived in spiritual and emotional kinship...

(1) During a business trip, I slipped on an icy staircase and seriously injured my hand. (2) The wrist was swollen, there was nothing to do: I had to go to see a surgeon. (3) So I
a resident of a large regional city ended up in a regular district hospital. (4) For some reason, the doctor did not begin the appointment, and near the doors in the cramped corridor, lit by a weak light bulb, there was a real Babylonian pandemonium. (5) Who was there? (6) Elderly women, whose faces were flushed from the stuffiness, gloomy old men, high school girls, shrilly screaming that they will skip the queue, because they just need to get a stamp. (7) Infants cried in the arms of their mothers, exhausted by waiting, who rocked them tiredly and looked in silent anguish at the closed office door.
(8) Time passed, but the reception still did not begin. (9) And people’s patience ran out. (10) At first, some kind of dull murmur was heard, which, like a match to dry branches, ignited general discontent. (11) The children, as if on cue, began to cry in one voice, and it was no longer a murmur, but an indignant and plaintive howl that filled the entire corridor.
(12) “Lord, why am I here!” - I thought, looking at these people. (13) The pain awakened in my hand flared with redoubled force, my head began to spin. (14) It became unbearable to wait, I decided to act. (15) With a firm step, I approached the registration window and quietly but authoritatively knocked on the glass. (16) The plump woman looked at me over her glasses, I motioned for her to go out into the corridor. (17) When she came out, I handed her a coupon to the doctor and fifty rubles.
- (18) I urgently need to see a surgeon. (19) Please arrange it!
(20) The woman silently took my coupon and put the money in her robe pocket.
- (21) Everyone move away from the doors, move away! - she grumbled and, passing through the crowd of people, like a knife through jelly, she entered the office. (22) A minute later she came out and nodded her head at me:
- (23) They will call you now!
(24) The children were crying, the light bulb, blinking due to power surges, splashed beams of yellow light, the smell of something stale and musty filled the lungs. (25) Suddenly, a boy in a blue blouse, who had escaped from the arms of his exhausted mother, buried himself at my feet. (26) I stroked his fluffy head, and the baby looked at me with trusting eyes. (27) I smiled. (28) The young mother sat him down.
- (29) Be patient; little one, be patient, we'll be leaving soon! (ZO) The disabled man dropped his crutch and, helplessly moving his hands, tried to pick it up from the floor. (31) I closed my eyes. (32) The door swung open and the nurse shouted loudly:
- (ZZ) Nikitin, see you!
(34) People shook their heads, asking who Nikitin was here. (35) I stood to the side without moving.
- (36) Nikitin who? (37)Where is he?
(38) The nurse shrugged her shoulders in bewilderment and said:
- (39) Well, then, whoever is first in line, come in!
(40) A young mother and her child rushed to the door. (41) I went to the window. (42) Sparse snow was falling, the darkened sky, like an ice-covered river, hung low above the ground, and pigeons flew through it. (43) A young mother and her baby came out of the doctor’s office, he looked at me and waved his bandaged hand at me.
- (44) Nikitin hasn’t come yet? (45) Well, then the next one in line...
(According to K. Akulinin)
Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
1) The hero of the story did not want to wait long and paid for the appointment out of turn.
2) All visitors began to be indignant at the disorder in the hospital.
3) The hero of the essay let the pregnant woman pass ahead.
4) The narrator realized that there are people whose suffering is no less than his own.
5) The boy’s mother thanked Nikitin.
Task 21. Which of the following statements are true? List the answer numbers in ascending order.
1) Propositions 10-11 reveal the content of proposal 9.
2) Sentence 24 lists events occurring one after another.
3) Sentences 26-28 present the narrative.
4) Sentence 42 contains a descriptive fragment.
5) Proposition 7 is an argument.
Task 22. Write out the phraseological unit from sentences 4-5.
Among sentences 24-28, find one that connects with the previous one using a possessive pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

(1) During a business trip, I slipped on an icy staircase and seriously injured my hand. (2) My wrist was swollen, there was nothing to do: I had to go to see a surgeon. (3) So I, a resident of a large regional city, ended up in an ordinary district hospital. (4) For some reason, the doctor did not begin the appointment, and near the doors in the cramped corridor, lit by a weak light bulb, there was a real Babylonian pandemonium. (5) Who was there? (6) Elderly women, whose faces were flushed from the stuffiness, gloomy old men, high school girls, shrilly screaming that they will skip the queue, because they just need to get a stamp. (7) Infants cried in the arms of their mothers, exhausted by waiting, who rocked them tiredly and looked in silent anguish at the closed office door.
(8) Time passed, but the reception still did not begin. (9) And people’s patience ran out. (10) At first, some kind of dull murmur was heard, which, like a match to dry branches, ignited general discontent. (11) The children, as if on cue, began to cry in one voice, and it was no longer a murmur, but an indignant and plaintive howl that filled the entire corridor.
(12) “Lord, why am I here!” - I thought, looking at these people. (13) The pain awakened in my hand flared with redoubled force, my head began to spin. (14) It became unbearable to wait, I decided to act. (15) With a firm step, I approached the registration window and quietly but authoritatively knocked on the glass. (16) The plump woman looked at me over her glasses, I motioned for her to go out into the corridor. (17) When she came out, I handed her a coupon to the doctor and fifty rubles.
- (18) I urgently need to see a surgeon. (19) Please arrange it!
(20) The woman silently took my coupon and put the money in her robe pocket.
- (21) Everyone move away from the doors, move away! - she grumbled and, passing through the crowd of people, like a knife through jelly, she entered the office. (22) A minute later she came out and nodded her head at me:
- Now they will call you!
(23) The children were crying, the light bulb, blinking due to power surges, splashed beams of yellow light, the smell of something stale and musty filled the lungs. (24) Suddenly, a boy in a blue blouse, who had escaped from the arms of his exhausted mother, buried himself at my feet. (25) I stroked his fluffy head, and the baby looked at me with trusting eyes. (26) I smiled. (27) The young mother sat him down.
- (28) Be patient, little one, be patient, we’ll be leaving soon!
(29) The disabled man dropped his crutch and, helplessly moving his hands, tried to pick it up from the floor. (30) I closed my eyes. (31) The door swung open and the nurse shouted loudly:
- Nikitin, see you!
(32) People shook their heads, asking who Nikitin was here. (33) I stood to the side without moving.
- (34) Nikitin who? (35)Where is he?
(36) The nurse shrugged her shoulders in bewilderment and said:
- Well, then whoever is first in line, come in!
(37) A young mother and her child rushed to the door. (37) I went to the window. (38) Sparse snow was falling, the darkened sky, like an ice-covered river, hung low above the ground, and pigeons flew through it. (39) A young mother and her baby came out of the doctor’s office, he looked at me and waved his bandaged hand at me.
-(40) Nikitin hasn’t come up yet? (41) Well, then the next one in line...

(According to K. Akulinin)

Composition

Nowadays, especially in big cities, people often do not take into account the interests and needs of others at all; they go through life pushing those around them with their elbows. The author refers to a seemingly minor incident that occurred in an ordinary district hospital of a regional city: Nikitin stood in line for a long time to see a doctor, who for some reason did not start the appointment, and, tired of the pain tormenting him, decided to bribe the nurse in order to get through to see a doctor without waiting in line. However, something prevented the hero from taking advantage of his dishonestly obtained privilege. The nurse calls him twice to take him to the office, but in Nikitin’s soul an unconscious sympathy is born for weaker and defenseless people: a sick child, a young exhausted mother, a disabled person with a crutch, who are also waiting for their turn.

One cannot but agree with the author's position. Selfishness and callousness are becoming the norm of modern man. Often, in pursuit of immediate gains, we do not choose means, do not spare the weak, and strive to overtake everyone by at least half a length. But why then, having achieved our little success at such a cost, do we not feel the joy of victory? Our conscience haunts us.

The hero of N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” the village elder Ermil Girin, took advantage of his position to exempt his brother from conscription duty, and enrolled another resident of his village as a recruit instead. After this, Yermil was very remorseful, wanted to give up his position and even tried to commit suicide - the remorse for the offense he committed was so severe for him.

Competition, as the engine of development of modern society, increasingly forces us to justify our disrespect for others by the need to be as efficient as possible, to succeed everywhere, to achieve our goals at any cost. But when your mind and heart are not in harmony, if you do not live according to your conscience: without respect for others, without sympathizing with the grief and need of others, you are doomed to loneliness and moral torment.

In contact with

All employees of an enterprise with whom an employment contract has been concluded, according to current legislation, are insured persons, therefore an injury during a business trip is considered industrial if it was received in the process of carrying out actions in favor of the employer. In this case, what matters is not the place where the accident occurred, but the circumstances of the incident.

This procedure for determining an industrial injury is enshrined in Article 227 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, which states that it can be received both directly at the enterprise where the employee works and outside it. At the same time, the standard also states that an accident that occurred on the way to work (including to the destination on a business trip) can also be classified as an occupational injury.

In fact, a worker on a business trip carries out activities for the benefit of the employer, which is regarded as the performance of official duties. Despite the fact that the legislation does not directly indicate injuries received on a business trip as work-related, there is an indirect reference. Article 227 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, among other things, also notes the implementation of other lawful actions related to the economic activities of the enterprise and the professional. relations with management.

Therefore, when classifying injuries, one should take into account the circumstances under which they were received and in whose interests the worker was acting at that moment. If the accident occurred when the employee was performing actions in order to implement the business trip tasks assigned to him, then the injuries received in this case are defined as work-related. Otherwise, they qualify as household.

Emergency situations must be investigated in accordance with the procedure established by law. However, the procedure may vary significantly depending on the circumstances of the incident. If an injury was sustained by an employee during a trip, including to the place of business trip or upon return, then the commission will be organized by the employer in accordance with Article 229 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

An accident that occurred at an enterprise where an employee was temporarily working or performing business assignments assigned to him must be investigated by the management of the counterparty enterprise. He is entrusted with the responsibility of creating a commission and taking the necessary actions to record an industrial injury.

The results of the inspection are formalized in the prescribed manner and copies of all documents are sent to the employer of the affected business traveler. In addition, the receiving party is obliged to notify the insurance service and the Labor Inspectorate about the accident. In some cases, documents are also sent to the prosecutor's office.

In practice, a situation may arise when a worker is sent to perform certain tasks, but acts independently. That is, during a business trip, he is not “attached” to another enterprise, but carries out the necessary actions, representing exclusively the interests of his employer. For example, an employee of a company goes on a business trip to sign an agreement or draw up other documents.

In this case, the responsibility for conducting an investigation falls on his employer. At the same time, the commission often includes persons responsible for the place where the accident occurred.

Separately, it is necessary to consider foreign business trips. If a corresponding agreement has been signed with the country to which the employee was sent (for example, Abkhazia, Kazakhstan, Belarus), then the head of the receiving organization is obliged to conduct an investigation, regardless of the circumstances of the emergency. In other countries, the test may vary, and in some cases, a court order may be required to establish a work-related injury.

Injury on a business trip - industrial or domestic?

When an employee of an enterprise receives an injury resulting in temporary disability, the employer, in accordance with Article 183 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, is obliged to pay the employee benefits in the manner established by current legislation. In this case, the amount of payments is calculated in accordance with the rules established in Regulation No. 13-6 “On the procedure for providing benefits for state social insurance” dated November 12, 1984.

At the same time, if the injury was sustained while the employee was performing his duties, including on a business trip, then the procedure for making payments provided for in this case is set forth in clause 16 of Instruction No. 62 of 04/07/1988.

It must be taken into account that the period of temporary disability is not included in the business trip, and upon its completion the employee must provide the employer with a sick leave certificate or other supporting document.

The very concept of work injury as such is not used in current legislation. Article 227 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation establishes the procedure for taking necessary actions in the event of an accident and a list of incidents subject to mandatory investigation. These include injuries received:

During the working day, while the employee is at the enterprise, including during breaks and when performing other actions provided for by the internal labor regulations of the organization.
During a trip to the place of performance of work duties, including on official or personal vehicles, as well as on foot. This rule also applies to trips by order of the head of the enterprise, which also includes business trips.
When carrying out work on a rotational basis, including during the period of rest between shifts, etc.
When performing other actions that do not contradict the law and are performed in accordance with the employment contract with the employer and in his interests. The standard also applies to work related to the prevention of accidents and other emergencies, as well as the elimination of their consequences.

The key point in classifying injuries received is determining their nature. Often it is carried out by the attending physician and, in accordance with clause 2.1 of the Instruction of the Ministry of Health No. 206 and the Resolution of the Federal Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation No. 21 of October 19, 1994, is noted on the certificate of temporary incapacity for work. The worker, for his part, should promptly notify the doctor about the circumstances of the injury. If at that moment the employee was on a business trip, this must also be reported.

For example, if I slipped on an icy staircase while on a business trip, how would my injuries be classified? According to Article 5 of Federal Law No. 125-FZ on July 24, 1998. Insured events include emergencies that occurred on the territory of the employer and beyond, in the process of traveling to the place of performance of the duties assigned to the employee and returning back. Therefore, sustaining such injuries during a business trip should be classified as a work-related injury.

On the other hand, if the temporary disability of an employee was caused by his commission of illegal actions or other actions not related to the performance of his work tasks, then it is recognized as domestic. In this case, sick leave is paid at the expense of the Social Insurance Fund and in an amount proportional to the employee’s length of service.

The procedure for recording and registering an industrial injury during a business trip

No one is protected from an accident. It can happen at home, at work or on a business trip. But during a business trip, an employee may find himself “face to face” with a problem, since the actions necessary to record and register a work-related injury must be carried out by the employer. Therefore, it is important to promptly notify the employer or management of the organization where the employee is temporarily working about the incident.

The investigation of an industrial accident is carried out in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 73 of October 24, 2002. To do this, it is necessary to create a special commission, the composition of which depends on the circumstances of the injury. It also takes into account where the employee was.

If the employee worked on the territory of a counterparty enterprise, then the management of this company must organize an investigation at its own expense. Also in this case, a representative of the injured employee’s employer is also invited to join the commission. However, its absence is not grounds for canceling or postponing the necessary actions.

If the posted employee performed work solely in the interests of his enterprise, then the organization of the investigation is entrusted to the employer, and a representative of the enterprise where the worker was temporarily located is invited to join the commission.

Regarding the preparation of documents, the completion of which is necessary when recording and investigating an industrial accident, the following is done:

Making an entry in the Tax Register of Form No. 9, in accordance with Part 1 of Article 230.1 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation;
Issuance of an order for the appointment of special commissions to investigate the National Assembly;
Preparation and submission of a written notification of tax liability to the Social Insurance Fund;
Execution of the act form No. N-1.

The report is accompanied by evidence that was collected during the investigation, including photo and video materials. Copies of documents are sent to the Labor Inspectorate and the local branch of the Social Insurance Fund. If necessary, materials are also transferred to the prosecutor's office within 3 days from the completion of the investigation. If the incident occurred with a traveling employee, then copies are also sent to the employer of this employee.

According to K. Akulinin. During a business trip I slipped...

(8) Time passed, but the reception still did not start. (9) And people’s patience ran out. (10) At first, some kind of dull murmur was heard, which, like a match to dry branches, ignited general discontent. (11) The children, as if on cue, began to cry in one voice, and it was no longer a murmur, but an indignant and plaintive howl that filled the entire corridor.

(12) “Lord, why am I here!” – I thought, looking at these people. (13) The pain awakened in my hand flared with redoubled force, my head began to spin. (14) It became unbearable to wait, I decided to act. (15) With a firm step, I approached the registration window and quietly but authoritatively knocked on the glass. (16) The plump woman looked at me over her glasses, I motioned for her to go out into the corridor. (17) When she came out, I handed her a coupon to the doctor and fifty rubles.

– (18) I urgently need to see a surgeon. (19) Please arrange it!

(20) The woman silently took my coupon and put the money in her robe pocket.

- (21) Everyone move away from the doors, move away! - she grumbled and, passing through the crowd of people, like a knife through jelly, she entered the office. (22) A minute later she came out and nodded her head at me:

- (23) They will call you now!

(24) The children were crying, the light bulb, blinking due to power surges, splashed beams of yellow light, the smell of something stale and musty filled the lungs. (25) Suddenly, a boy in a blue blouse, who had escaped from the arms of his exhausted mother, buried himself at my feet. (26) I stroked his fluffy head, and the baby looked at me with trusting eyes. (27) I smiled. (28) The young mother sat him down.

- (29) Be patient, little one, be patient, we’ll be leaving soon!

(30) The disabled man dropped his crutch and, helplessly moving his hands, tried to pick it up from the floor. (31) I closed my eyes. (32) The door swung open and the nurse shouted loudly:

- (33) Nikitin, see you!

(34) People shook their heads, asking who Nikitin was here. (35) I stood to the side without moving.

- (36) Nikitin who? (37)Where is he?

(38) The nurse shrugged her shoulders in bewilderment and said:

- (39) Well, then whoever is first in line, come in!

(40) A young mother and her child rushed to the door. (41) I went to the window. (42) Sparse snow was falling, the darkened sky, like an ice-covered river, hung low above the ground, and pigeons flew through it. (43) A young mother and her baby came out of the doctor’s office, he looked at me and waved his bandaged hand at me.

- (44) Nikitin hasn’t come up yet? (45) Well, then the next one in line...

(According to K. Akulinin)

L.N. Gumilev. Children's years are always busy exploring a multicolored, diverse world...

(1)Childhood is always busy exploring a multicolored, diverse world, in which everything is important and interesting: nature, people and - most importantly - the language, the study of which is “a condition without which it is impossible”. (2) Only from the age of six or seven can a person begin to choose what is interesting and reject what is boring. (3) History and geography turned out to be interesting and fascinating for the author, but not mathematics and language learning.(4) Why this was so is difficult to say, and it is not necessary, because this relates to psychophysiology and genetic memory, and this is not about them.

(5)School years are a cruel test.(6) At school they teach different subjects. (7) Many of them do not cause any interest, but are nevertheless necessary, because without a broad perception of the world there will be no development of mind and feelings. (8) If children have not learned physics, then they will not understand what energy and entropy are; without zoology and botany they will go to conquer nature, and this is the most painful way of species suicide. (9) Without knowledge of languages and literature, connections with the surrounding world of people are lost, and without history, with the heritage of the past. (10) But in the twenties, history was removed from school curricula, and geography was reduced to a minimum. (11) This did not help matters.

(12) Fortunately, at that time in the small town of Bezhetsk there was a library full of works by Mine Reid, Cooper, Jules Verne and many other authors, providing information that could be absorbed without difficulty, but with pleasure. (13) There were Shakespeare's chronicles, historical novels by Dumas, Walter Scott... (14) Reading accumulated primary factual material and awakened thought.

(L.N. Gumilyov)

G. Smirnov. For more than a century and a half, Great Russians have lived in spiritual and emotional kinship...

(1) For more than a century and a half, Great Russians have lived in spiritual and emotional kinship with the sorcerer Russian word by Pushkin, about which another great poet Fyodor Tyutchev once said:

You, like my first love,

The heart will not forget Russia!

(2) Often repeating this phrase, we rarely think: What does this comparison of Pushkin’s creativity with first love mean?(3) For an individual, the sweetness of first love is not so much in the sharpness and brightness of the experiences themselves, but in the fact that this entire complex of feelings is experienced for the first time. (4) In later life, he may experience love feelings that are immeasurably stronger, but all this will happen for the second, third, nth time. (5) What has been tested for the first time, alas, is not given to anyone... (6) And just as an individual person with his first love is plunged into a new, unknown element of feelings, so the Russian reader, by reading Pushkin, is plunged into the hidden core of poetry, for the first time he receives a complete idea of this sphere of experiences. (7) After all, Pushkin not only “endured everything within himself,” as Apollo Grigoriev said about him. (8) He expressed everything that had been said in his own way, in Pushkin’s way. (9) He seemed to have translated all the best, all that was consonant with his soul, that was in the works of ancient, medieval and contemporary foreign poets, into your magical Pushkin Russian language. (10) Moreover, no matter how paradoxical it may sound, he did not hesitate to translate Russian poets into his own language. (11) And these translations were so superior to the originals that many of the “selected” poets were justified in being proud that Pushkin himself paid attention to their verses and considered them worthy of rewriting them with his divine verb. (12) That’s why, after reading a not very large volume of Pushkin’s poems, the Russian reader finds himself transported to the very core of world poetry. (13) And only the Russian reader, thanks to Pushkin, has such a wonderful opportunity. (14) And after Pushkin, no one was able to repeat this mission in Russia. (15) And the heart of Russia will never forget Pushkin, just as no person on earth ever forgets his first love...

(G. Smirnov)

According to V. Soloukhin. TV movie based on a literary work...

(1) A television film based on a literary work, say, “Anna Karenina” or “Dead Souls.” (2) Now such television films, in essence, replace reading. (3) A young man or girl will watch it (or even an adult, an elderly person who for some reason has not read Anna Karenina), and there will be no need to read the novel itself. (4) Why read when everything is already clear.

(7) Let’s not talk about the advantage of a book that, when reading it, you immerse yourself in the element of language. (8) The Russian language in general and the language of this writer in particular. (9) But this is pleasure. (10) One thing (to use this rough comparison) is forced feeding through a tube (television), and another thing is leisurely, tasteful food.

(11) And yet the main advantage of the book over the TV movie based on this book is something else.

(12) The fact is that when reading a book, the reader’s imagination involuntarily turns on. (13) The action of a novel (story, story) unfolds in pictures before his mind’s eye, he sees the situation, sees the faces of the characters, he sees them alive, as if in a movie. (14) The advantage over cinema is that the reader himself “directs” his “film”; the film director from the outside does not impose on him the appearance of the characters and the actions of these characters. (15) That is, reading a book is a more active and creative process, more actively creative, than sitting in front of a “box”, when a person is more a consumer than a creator.

(According to V. Soloukhin)

E.B. Tager. Tsvetaeva’s poems are sometimes difficult...

(1)Tsvetaeva’s poems are sometimes difficult, requiring thoughtful unraveling of the author’s train of thought.(2) But nothing was more alien to her than ornamental play with words, poetry of vague hints, any kind of impressionistic inarticulateness.

(3) It’s the same with rhythm. (4) The power and richness of Tsvetaeva’s rhythms are incomparable.(5) But how far they are from enchanting musical sorcery!

(6) Her heaps of stressed syllables, her dashes, her endless hyphens seem to be designed to drive a stake into the word, to nail the reader to the meaning, to the content.

Every house is foreign to me, every temple is empty to me,

And still, and everything is one.

But if there is a bush on the road

Especially the mountain ash stands up...

(7) What does all this mean?

(8) The principles, seemingly contradictory to each other, mutually exclusive - on the one hand, incredible, stormy, exploding emotionality, and on the other - an equally incredibly sharp, all-penetrating, piercing thought - all intertwined in Tsvetaeva into an inextricable whole.

(9) And this is not only a feature of her creativity, but also of her entire spiritual structure and even her appearance.

(10) I met Marina Ivanovna in December 1939 at the Golitsyn House of Creativity. (11) I have never seen Tsvetaeva herself, nor her portraits or photographs before. (12) And my imagination, quite naive, as I now understand, pictured a sophisticated and refined image, perhaps in association with Altman’s portrait of Akhmatova.

(13) It turned out - nothing like that.

(14) No Parisian toilets - a harsh sweater and a long gray woolen skirt tied with a wide belt.

(15) Not graceful fragility, but rigor, delineation, strength. (16) And the amazing straightness of her figure, slightly tilted forward, as if concealing all the swiftness of her nature.

(17) I must say that I don’t recognize Tsvetaeva in any of the photographs from those years. (18) This is not her. (19) They lack the main thing - that charm of precision that characterized her whole, starting with speech, amazingly chiselled, grainy Russian speech, aphoristic, captivating with unexpected paradoxes, and inexorable logic, and ending with surprisingly finely outlined, as if “carved” features her face.

(E.B. Tager)

According to L. Pavlova. Did you know that there are many different styles of arguing?

(1)Did you know that Are there many different styles of arguing?(2) Observe your comrades during a debate, discussion, polemic - you, of course, will be convinced that they behave differently.

(3)Some, for example, behave respectfully towards each other, do not resort to dishonest methods and tricks, and do not allow a harsh tone. (4) They carefully analyze the arguments that the opponent offers and thoroughly argue their position. (5) As a rule, during such a dispute, the parties experience deep satisfaction and a desire to understand the problems being discussed.

(6) Others, having entered into an argument, begin to feel like they are at war, so they use unacceptable tricks. (7) The main thing is to completely defeat the enemy, putting him in a disadvantageous position, from their point of view. (8) This means that you also need to be on combat readiness.

(9) Finally, There are also would-be arguers who behave in the most inappropriate manner.(10) They rudely cut off their opponent, humiliate him with insulting attacks, speak in a dismissive or contemptuous tone, mockingly exchange glances with the listeners, in a word, they behave like ill-mannered people.

(11) Thus, the behavior of polemicists certainly influences the success of the discussion, therefore, understanding the peculiarities of the manner of arguing, the ability to catch on the fly changes in the behavior of your opponents, of course, allows you to better navigate the dispute, most accurately choose your own behavior and determine tactics in dispute.

(According to L. Pavlova)

According to I. Goncharov. Lying down with Ilya Ilyich was not necessary

(1)Lying down with Ilya Ilyich was not necessary, like a sick person or like a person who wants to sleep, neither by chance, like someone who is tired, nor by pleasure, like a lazy person: this was his normal state.(2) When he was at home - and he was almost always at home - he always lay in the same room where we found him, which served as his bedroom, office and reception room. (3) He had three more rooms, but he looked into them only in the morning, when a man was sweeping his office, which was not done every day. (4) In those rooms, the furniture was covered with covers, the curtains were drawn.

(5) The room where Ilya Ilyich was lying seemed at first glance to be beautifully decorated. (6) There was a mahogany bureau, two sofas upholstered in silk, beautiful screens with embroidered birds and fruits unprecedented in nature. (7) There were silk curtains, carpets, several paintings, bronze, porcelain and many beautiful little things.

(8) But the experienced eye of a person with pure taste, with one quick glance at everything that was here, would read only the desire to somehow maintain the appearance of inevitable decency, just to get rid of them.(9) Oblomov, of course, only bothered about this when he was cleaning his office. (10) Refined taste would not be satisfied with these heavy, ungraceful mahogany chairs and shaky bookcases. (11) The back of one sofa has sunk down, the glued wood has come loose in places.

(12) The owner himself, however, looked at the decoration of his office so coldly and absent-mindedly, as if he was asking with his eyes: “Who brought and installed all this here?” (13) Because of Oblomov’s such a cold view of his property, and perhaps also from the even colder view of his servant, Zakhar, on the same subject, the appearance of the office, if you examined it more closely, struck you with the neglect and negligence that prevailed in it.

(According to I. Goncharov)

According to A. Kondratov. Everyone knows that archaeological research...

(1) Everyone knows that archaeological research requires a lot of money and takes a lot of time and effort. (2) Are they needed? (3) Is it worth spending such efforts just to clarify some date, or decipher an ancient text, or discover another site of primitive man?

(4) Every new fact, even the most insignificant, helps us better understand the past. (5) And without a correct understanding of the past, it is impossible to understand the present. (6) And, of course, build your future.

(7) Archeology, decipherment of letters, anthropology and other sciences, with the help of which we learn about the events of the past, play and will always play a big role in our lives. (8) A hundred years ago, the art monuments of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome were considered unsurpassed. (9) Nowadays, art critics place masterpieces of earlier eras much higher. (10) The discoveries of archaeologists made a real revolution in the views on art that existed previously. (11) We now admire the brilliant creations of Egyptian sculptors (just remember the portraits of Nefertiti), African bronze, and Paleolithic painting from the caves of Spain and France.

(12) In ancient cultures we see not just an “object of archaeological science,” but our roots, our traditions that have survived centuries.

(13) Excavations and research on the territory of our country show that at all times many different peoples with different languages, religions, cultures, and anthropological appearance lived here. (14) The mixing of languages, races, and cultures went on for many centuries. (15) And such mixing occurred everywhere. (17) There is not a single “pure” race on the planet, there is not a single language that has not been influenced by another language, related or unrelated. (18) There is not a single “culture in its pure form”; the process of exchange of ideas and inventions began many thousands of years ago. (19) The study of ancient history leads to the conclusion that all people on Earth are equal. (20) There are no higher and lower races, no “cultured” and “barbarian” languages, no “entirely independent” and “completely borrowed” cultures.

(21) For primitive man, “people” were only members of his tribe. (22) All the rest were enemies or evil demons. (23) For the Greeks, all non-Greeks were barbarians. (24) For Christians, all non-Christians were pagans; for Muslims, those who did not follow the precepts of the Prophet Mohammed were “infidels.” (25) For Europeans of the 18th and even 19th centuries, the rest of humanity was a bunch of savages. (26) For us, people of the 21st century, who know our past, every person on the globe belongs to a single family - HUMANITY.

(According to A. Kondratov)

(1) During a business trip, I slipped on an icy staircase and seriously injured my hand. (2) The wrist was swollen, there was nothing to do: I had to go to see a surgeon. (3) So I, a resident of a large regional city, ended up in an ordinary district hospital. (4) For some reason, the doctor did not begin the appointment, and near the doors in the cramped corridor, lit by a weak light bulb, there was a real Babylonian pandemonium. (5) Who was there? (6) Elderly women, whose faces were flushed from the stuffiness, gloomy old men, high school girls, shrilly screaming that they will skip the queue, because they just need to get a stamp. (7) Infants cried in the arms of their mothers, exhausted by waiting, who rocked them tiredly and looked in silent anguish at the closed office door.
(8) Time passed, but the reception still did not start. (9) And people’s patience ran out. (10) At first, some kind of dull murmur was heard, which, like a match to dry branches, ignited general discontent. (11) The children, as if on cue, began to cry in one voice, and it was no longer a murmur, but an indignant and plaintive howl that filled the entire corridor.
(12) “Lord, why am I here!” - I thought, looking at these people. (13) The pain awakened in my hand flared with redoubled force, my head began to spin. (14) It became unbearable to wait, I decided to act. (15) With a firm step, I approached the registration window and quietly but authoritatively knocked on the glass. (16) The plump woman looked at me over her glasses, I motioned for her to go out into the corridor. (17) When she came out, I handed her a coupon to the doctor and fifty rubles.
- (18) I urgently need to see a surgeon. (19) Please arrange it!
(20) The woman silently took my coupon and put the money in her robe pocket.
- (21) Everyone move away from the doors, move away! - she grumbled and, passing through the crowd of people, like a knife through jelly, she entered the office. (22) A minute later she came out and nodded her head at me:
- (23) They will call you now!
(24) The children were crying, the light bulb, blinking due to power surges, splashed beams of yellow light, the smell of something stale and musty filled the lungs. (25) Suddenly, a boy in a blue blouse, who had escaped from the arms of his exhausted mother, buried himself at my feet. (26) I stroked his fluffy head, and the baby looked at me with trusting eyes. (27) I smiled. (28) The young mother sat him down.
- (29) Be patient; little one, be patient, we'll be leaving soon! (ZO) The disabled man dropped his crutch and, helplessly moving his hands, tried to pick it up from the floor. (31) I closed my eyes. (32) The door swung open and the nurse shouted loudly:
- (ZZ) Nikitin, see you!
(34) People shook their heads, asking who Nikitin was here. (35) I stood to the side without moving.

- (36) Nikitin who? (37)Where is he?
(38) The nurse shrugged her shoulders in bewilderment and said:
- (39) Well, then, whoever is first in line, come in!
(40) A young mother and her child rushed to the door. (41) I went to the window. (42) Sparse snow was falling, the darkened sky, like an ice-covered river, hung low above the ground, and pigeons flew through it. (43) A young mother and her baby came out of the doctor’s office, he looked at me and waved his bandaged hand at me.
- (44) Nikitin hasn’t come yet? (45) Well, then the next one in line...
(According to K. Akulinin)

Essay example

Is it acceptable to put one’s interests above the interests of other people? What are the consequences of such behavior for a person? The problem of conscience is one of the problems raised in the text of the modern Russian writer K. Akulinin.
Nowadays, especially in big cities, people often do not take into account the interests and needs of others at all; they go through life pushing those around them with their elbows. The author refers to a seemingly minor incident that occurred in an ordinary district hospital of a regional city: Nikitin stood in line for a long time to see a doctor, who for some reason did not start the appointment, and, tired of the pain tormenting him, decided to bribe the nurse in order to get through to see a doctor without waiting in line. However, something prevented the hero from taking advantage of his dishonestly obtained privilege. The nurse calls him twice to take him to the office, but in Nikitin’s soul an unconscious sympathy is born for weaker and defenseless people: a sick child, a young exhausted mother, a disabled person with a crutch, who are also waiting for their turn.

The author encourages you to think about the fact that every normal person who puts his own interests above the interests of other people inevitably comes into conflict with his conscience. And it doesn’t matter whether you violate the moral law in a big or small way, or whether you have any justification for it.
One cannot but agree with the author's position. Selfishness and callousness are becoming the norm of modern man. Often, in pursuit of immediate gains, we do not choose means, do not spare the weak, and strive to overtake everyone by at least half a length. But why then, having achieved our little success at such a cost, do we not feel the joy of victory? Our conscience haunts us.

Many Russian writers addressed the problem of testing a person by conscience. So, the main character of the novel F.M. Dostoevsky’s “Crime and Punishment”, Rodion Raskolnikov, there was a theory according to which the interests of some people (“those with the right”) were higher than the interests of everyone else. Raskolnikov decides to test whether he can step over human life to prove the correctness of his theory. And he puts his plan into action by killing the old pawnbroker. However, the hero could not bear the gravity of the crime committed: he was tormented by his conscience, which turned out to be stricter than any judge.
The hero of N.N. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” the village elder Ermil Girin, took advantage of his position to exempt his brother from conscription duty, and enrolled another resident of his village as a recruit instead. After this, Yermil was very remorseful, wanted to give up his position and even tried to commit suicide - the remorse for the offense he committed was so severe for him.
Competition, as the engine of development of modern society, increasingly forces us to justify our disrespect for others by the need to be as efficient as possible, to succeed everywhere, to achieve our goals at any cost. But when your mind and heart are not in harmony, if you do not live according to your conscience: without respect for others, without sympathizing with the grief and need of others, you are doomed to loneliness and moral torment.